Effects of live crown on vertical patterns of wood density and growth in Douglas-fir
نویسندگان
چکیده
It would be valuable economically to know what are the biological triggers for formation of mature wood (currently of high value) and (or) what maintains production of juvenile wood (currently of low value), to develop silvicultural regimes that control the relative production of the two types of wood. Foresters commonly assume the bole of softwoods produces juvenile wood within the crown and mature wood below. We tested that assumption by comparing growth ring areas and widths and wood density components of the outer three growth rings in disks sampled from different vertical positions of 34-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees. The 18 trees were sampled from one site and had a wide range of heights to live crown. Most of the variance (63–93%) in wood characteristics (growth ring area: total, earlywood, latewood; growth ring width: total, earlywood, latewood; latewood proportion: by area, width; and ring density: total, earlywood, latewood) was due to within-tree differences (related to age of the disk). Stepwise regression analysis gave us equations to estimate wood characteristics, after which we analyzed the residuals with a linear model that included whether a disk was within or below the crown (defined as the lowest node on the stem with less than three live branches). After adjusting for tree and disk position, only 2–10% of the residual variation was associated with whether the disk was in or out of the live crown. There were no statistically significant differences at p = 0.05 between a given disk (by node number) in versus out of the crown for any of the factors studied. Moreover, the wood density characteristics were not statistically significant at p = 0.30. This research suggests that there was no effect of the crown position on the transition from juvenile to mature wood as judged by wood density. Therefore, we found no evidence to support the concept that tree spacing and live-branch pruning have a significant effect on the cambial age of transition from juvenile to mature wood in Douglas-fir trees of this age. Résumé : Il serait utile, d’un point de vue économique, de savoir ce qui déclenche la formation du bois mature (considéré présentement comme ayant une grande valeur) et ce qui maintient la production de bois juvénile (considéré présentement comme étant de faible valeur), de façon à développer des régimes sylvicoles pouvant contrôler la production de chacun de ces deux types de bois. Les forestiers assument couramment que la tige des conifères produit du bois juvénile dans la cime et du bois mature dans la partie inférieure. Nous avons testé cette hypothèse en comparant les composantes de l’aire et de la largeur des cernes annuels ainsi que de la densité des trois cernes annuels extérieurs dans chacun des disques prélevés à diverses positions en hauteur sur des douglas de Menzies (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) âgés de 34 ans. Les 18 arbres ont été échantillonnés sur le même site et présentaient une grande variabilité dans la hauteur jusqu’à la cime. La plus grande partie de la variabilité (63–93%) dans les caractéristiques du bois (surface des cernes annuels: totale, bois initial, bois final; largeur des cernes annuels: totale, bois initial, bois final; proportion de bois final: en surface et en largeur; et densité par cerne annuel: totale, bois initial, bois final) provenait de différences intra-arbres (en relation avec l’âge correspondant aux disques). L’analyse de régression par degrés a fourni les équations permettant d’estimer les caractéristiques du bois, après quoi les résidus furent analysés avec un modèle linéaire prenant en compte le fait que les disques se trouvent dans la cime (définie comme étant le plus bas verticille contenant au moins trois branches vivantes) ou en dessous. Après ajustement par arbre et par position de disque, seulement de 2 à 10% de la variation résiduelle était associée à la position du disque, soit dans la cime ou plus bas. Nous n’avons pas trouvé de différence significative (p = 0,05), pour aucun des facteurs analysés, entre les disques (définis par numéro de verticille) qu’ils soient situés dans la cime ou en dessous. Qui plus est, les caractéristiques liées à la densité n’étaient pas significativement différentes, même au niveau de p = 0,30. Ces résultats laissent croire qu’il n’existe pas d’effet de cime dans la localisation ou dans la transition du bois juvénile vers le bois mature en ce qui concerne la densité du bois. Par conséquent, nous n’avons trouvé aucune preuve pour supporter l’idée que l’espacement ou l’élagage des branches vivantes puisse avoir un effet significatif sur l’âge cambial de transition entre le bois juvénile et le bois mature chez des douglas de Menzies de cet âge. 447 [Traduit par la Rédaction] Can. J. For. Res. 32: 439–447 (2002) DOI: 10.1139/X01-218 © 2002 NRC Canada 439 Received 5 March 2001. Accepted 1 November 2001. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at http://cjfr.nrc.ca on 26 February 2002. B.L. Gartner,1 E.M. North,2 and R. Singleton. Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5751, U.S.A. G.R. Johnson. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Station, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). 2Present address: Oregon Health Sciences Institute, Portland, OR 97201, U.S.A. I:\cjfr\cjfr32\cjfr-03\X01-218.vp Thursday, February 21, 2002 11:26:16 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen
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